Jowhar’s local government primarily provides administrative services such as licensing, civic registration, and land certification, while core social services like education, health, and water remain …
Jowhar’s local government primarily provides administrative services such as licensing, civic registration, and land certification, while core social services like education, health, and water remain …
Low trust and negative perceptions of the Adado local government—driven by limited transparency, unfulfilled promises, and weak communication—undermine tax compliance among businesspeople.
The Jowhar Local Council has struggled to function effectively due to irregular meetings, unresolved clan representation disputes, political interference, and lack of leadership accountability—undermining its …
Bosaso’s electricity price of USD 0.79 per kilowatt has severely impacted household affordability, business viability, and local government revenue. The extreme costs, especially during the …
Revenue Generation in Adaado is Operational but Limited: Out of twelve potential revenue streams, only nine are currently active, with estimated annual revenues between $140,000 …
Somalia’s 2025 federal budget increased to $1.32 billion, with 67% funded by donors and $429 million expected from domestic revenue—a 24% rise from 2024. Budget …
Somali Public Agenda (SPA) is a non-profit, non-partisan, and independent public policy and administration research and action organization based in Mogadishu. It aims to advance understanding and improvement of public policy and services in Somalia through evidence-based research and analysis, dialogue, policy and service design, and training.
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